| A/B testingResearch designRandomise a product change in live use | Design | Quantitative |
| Abductive reasoningReasoning approachDevelop explanations for surprises | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Ablation studiesEvaluation designTest which components contribute under controlled changes | Design | Quantitative |
| Action researchResearch designInvestigate while changing practice | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Action research in firmsResearch designChange organisational practice and study the process | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Administrative data linkageData collectionConnect routine records across systems | Collection | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Agent-based modellingResearch designExplore aggregate patterns generated by interacting agents | Design | Quantitative |
| Altman Z-scoreAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyUse a historical discriminant score with its proper population | Analysis | Quantitative |
| ANCOVAAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsCompare outcomes after defensible covariate adjustment | Analysis | Quantitative |
| ANOVAAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsCompare group means and planned contrasts | Analysis | Quantitative |
| ARCH and GARCHAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsModel clusters of high and low uncertainty | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Archival researchData collectionReconstruct the past from surviving records | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| ARDL bounds testingAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsTest a long-run relation with mixed integration orders | Analysis | Quantitative |
| ARIMAAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsForecast through autocorrelation and differencing | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Artefact evaluationEvaluation strategyMatch evidence to an artefact’s claims | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Average variance extractedMeasurementAssess indicator variance captured by a reflective construct | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| AxiologyPhilosophyWhose values shape the study? | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| BacktestingAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyTest predictions with information available at the time | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Bayesian estimationAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsUpdate explicit assumptions into posterior uncertainty | Analysis | Quantitative |
| BenchmarkingEvaluation designCompare systems under disclosed workloads | Design | Quantitative |
| Between-subjects designsResearch designCompare conditions experienced by different participants | Design | Quantitative |
| Bibliometric and co-citation analysisReview & synthesisMap publication patterns and intellectual connections | Review | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| BlindingDesign featureLimit bias from knowing the assigned condition | Design | Quantitative |
| BPS research ethicsEthics and governanceDesign consent and participant protection into the study | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| CAPMAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyTest the market-beta baseline for expected returns | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Carhart four-factor modelAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencySeparate momentum exposure from apparent performance | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Chi-square testsAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsTest categorical counts against an expected pattern | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Classical test theoryMeasurement theorySeparate observed scores into true score and error | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Classification metricsMeasurement and analysis · Computational methods and evaluationMake classification errors visible and decision-relevant | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Classroom observation protocolsData collectionRecord defined classroom practices consistently | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Cluster analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsDiscover a defensible grouping of observations | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Cluster samplingSamplingSelect groups before selecting people or records | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| CointegrationAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsFind a stationary relation among trending series | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Common method bias assessmentMeasurementExamine distortions caused by shared measurement procedures | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Composite reliabilityMeasurementEstimate reliability from a specified measurement model | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Computational complexity analysisFormal analysis · Computational methods and evaluationReason about resource growth as inputs scale | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Computational reproducibilityResearch practiceMake computational claims inspectable and rerunnable | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Confirmatory factor analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsTest a specified relationship between factors and indicators | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Conjoint analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsEstimate preferences across combinations of attributes | Analysis | Quantitative |
| ConstructivismPhilosophyKnowledge is made through engagement | Foundations | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Consultancy-style enquiryResearch designInvestigate a client problem with explicit research logic | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Content analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveSystematically interpret or classify content | Analysis | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Controlled experiments in software engineeringResearch designCompare techniques while managing developer variation | Design | Quantitative |
| Convenience samplingSamplingRecruit from the people or cases you can reach | Sampling | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| ConvergentIntegrated designBring two views into the same frame. | Design | Mixed methods |
| Conversation analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveAnalyse the sequential organisation of interaction | Analysis | Qualitative |
| CorrelationAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsMeasure association without claiming agreement | Analysis | Quantitative |
| CounterbalancingDesign featureDistribute order effects across experimental conditions | Design | Quantitative |
| Credit scoringAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyPredict borrower outcomes with calibrated, time-aware models | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Critical realismPhilosophyExplain mechanisms in their conditions | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Cronbach's alphaMeasurementDescribe item covariance with explicit reliability assumptions | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Cross-sectional surveyStudy designTake a structured snapshot. | Design | Quantitative |
| Cross-validationResampling evaluationEstimate performance of a whole learning procedure | Sampling | Quantitative |
| Curriculum and policy document analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveExamine what educational texts prioritise and assume | Analysis | Qualitative |
| Data envelopment analysisAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyBenchmark organisations against an observed production frontier | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Data management plansResearch practiceDesign the data lifecycle before collection | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Data protection and GDPRResearch practicePlan lawful and proportionate data use | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Deductive reasoningReasoning approachDerive implications from premises | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Delphi techniqueResearch designDevelop judgement through structured rounds | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Descriptive designResearch designDescribe the phenomenon on its own terms | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Descriptive statisticsAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsSee the distribution before testing it | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Design science researchResearch designBuild an artefact that contributes knowledge | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Design-based researchResearch designRefine educational designs and theory together | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Diary methodsData collectionRepeated accounts close to everyday events | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Difference-in-differencesResearch designEstimate effects from comparative changes over time | Design | Quantitative |
| Discourse analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveExamine what language accomplishes | Analysis | Qualitative |
| Discriminant analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsClassify observations into known groups | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Documentary researchData collectionTreat documents as situated evidence | Collection | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Effect sizes and confidence intervalsAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsReport magnitude with uncertainty and a clear scale | Analysis | Quantitative |
| EGARCHAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsAllow different volatility responses to positive and negative news | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Embedded mixed methodsResearch designPlace a supporting strand inside a core design | Design | Mixed methods |
| EpistemologyPhilosophyHow can a claim be known? | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| EthnographyMethodologyUnderstand life as it is lived. | Design | Qualitative |
| Evaluative designResearch designJudge merit, effects and implementation | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Event studyAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyMeasure a market reaction around a dated event | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Expected shortfallAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyMeasure how severe the selected loss tail is | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Experience samplingData collectionSample current experience in real settings | Collection | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Explanatory designResearch designAccount for why and how outcomes arise | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Explanatory sequentialIntegrated designFind the pattern. Then ask why. | Design | Mixed methods |
| Exploratory designResearch designMap what is not yet well understood | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Exploratory factor analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsExplore a plausible latent measurement structure | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Exploratory sequentialIntegrated designDiscover what matters. Then measure it. | Design | Mixed methods |
| Eye trackingData collectionMeasure where and when eyes move | Collection | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Factorial designsResearch designCross manipulations to expose interactions | Design | Quantitative |
| Fama-French factor modelsAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyCompare three and five equity-factor benchmarks | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Financial research databases: CRSP and WRDSData sourceLink security histories to firms without losing time validity | Collection | Quantitative |
| Financial research databases: firms and banksData sourceBuild comparable firm and bank records from licensed sources | Collection | Quantitative |
| Financial research databases: market platformsData sourceAcquire market data with explicit provenance and screening | Collection | Quantitative |
| Fixed and random effects panelsAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsDistinguish within-firm change from stable firm differences | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Focus groupsData collectionInteraction is part of the evidence | Collection | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Formal methods and proofFormal analysis · Computational methods and evaluationEstablish precisely scoped correctness guarantees | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Framework analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveCompare cases through a case-by-theme matrix | Analysis | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Granger causalityAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsTest whether one history improves another forecast | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Grounded theoryMethodologyBuild an explanation from the ground up. | Design | Qualitative |
| Herding dispersion testsAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyTest whether returns converge unusually during market moves | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Heuristic evaluationExpert evaluation · Computational methods and evaluationInspect interfaces against explicit usability principles | Analysis | Qualitative |
| Hierarchical block regressionAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsAsk what a prespecified predictor block adds | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Hyperparameter searchModel selection · Computational methods and evaluationSearch configurations under a fair evaluation budget | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Implicit measuresMeasurementStudy associations through performance on indirect tasks | Sampling | Quantitative |
| Inductive reasoningReasoning approachBuild patterns from observations | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Intercoder reliabilityAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveAssess consistency of code application | Analysis | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Interpretative phenomenological analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveUnderstand how people make sense of experience | Analysis | Qualitative |
| InterpretivismPhilosophyUnderstand situated meanings | Foundations | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Item response theoryMeasurement theoryModel response probabilities across a latent trait | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Kitchenham review protocolReview protocolAdapt systematic reviewing to computing evidence | Review | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Learning analyticsAnalysis · Computational methods and evaluationInterpret learning traces through educational theory | Analysis | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Lesson studyCollaborative research designStudy pupil learning through a jointly designed lesson | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Likert designMeasurementDesign ordered responses and justify their scoring | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| LLM evaluationEvaluation strategy · Computational methods and evaluationEvaluate language systems across tasks and risks | Analysis | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Logistic regressionAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsModel binary probabilities through log odds | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Longitudinal cohortStudy designFollow change through time. | Design | Quantitative |
| Longitudinal firm panelsResearch designFollow the same firms across periods | Design | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Malmquist productivity indexAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencySeparate catching up from movement of the frontier | Analysis | Quantitative |
| MANOVAAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsTest a joint pattern across several outcomes | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Mediation analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsInvestigate an explicit proposed pathway | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Member checkingResearch practiceInvite participant responses to interpretation | Foundations | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Merton distance to defaultAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyRelate default risk to assets, debt and uncertainty | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Meta-analysisReview & synthesisPool compatible effect estimates while examining variation | Review | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Moderation analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsAsk when or for whom a relationship differs | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Monte Carlo simulationAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyEstimate model quantities through repeated random sampling | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Narrative analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveInterpret stories as ordered accounts | Analysis | Qualitative |
| Narrative inquiryResearch designStudy experience through stories over time | Design | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Narrative reviewReview & synthesisBuild a reasoned account of a literature | Review | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| NASA Task Load IndexMeasurementSeparate dimensions of perceived workload | Sampling | Quantitative |
| Network analysisAnalysis · Computational methods and evaluationStudy relationships rather than isolated cases | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Non-parametric alternativesAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsUse ranks while preserving the design | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Non-participant observationData collectionWatch practices as they unfold | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| OLS and multiple linear regressionAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsEstimate a conditional mean in outcome units | Analysis | Quantitative |
| OntologyPhilosophyWhat is assumed to exist? | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Open, axial and selective codingAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveDevelop and integrate grounded theory categories | Analysis | Qualitative |
| Organisational case studyResearch designExplain a bounded organisational process | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Organisational ethnographyResearch designStudy work cultures through sustained field engagement | Design | Qualitative |
| Participant observationData collectionLearn practice through situated participation | Collection | Qualitative |
| PhenomenographyResearch approachMap qualitatively different ways of understanding | Design | Qualitative |
| PhenomenologyMethodologyAttend to the meaning of experience. | Design | Qualitative |
| PLS-SEMAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsEstimate a justified composite path model | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Portfolio sortingAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyTurn point-in-time characteristics into test portfolios | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Positionality and reflexivityResearch practiceExamine your place in the enquiry | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| PositivismPhilosophyObservable evidence and law-like explanation | Foundations | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Post-positivismPhilosophyTest claims while recognising fallibility | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Power analysisSampling & measurementPlan information around a meaningful effect | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Practitioner enquiryResearch designInvestigate your own educational practice systematically | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| PragmatismPhilosophyChoose enquiry for its consequences | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Pre-test and post-test learning evaluationResearch designMeasure change without confusing it with causal impact | Design | Quantitative |
| PreregistrationResearch practiceMake planned tests distinguishable from exploration | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Principal component analysisAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsCompress measured variation into orthogonal components | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Probit regressionAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsUse a normal-link model for discrete outcomes | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Process tracingResearch designTest mechanisms with diagnostic evidence | Design | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Psychological assessment and psychometricsMeasurementJustify what a psychological score means | Sampling | Quantitative |
| Purposive samplingSamplingChoose cases for their relevance and information value | Sampling | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Q methodologyAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveMap shared subjective viewpoints | Analysis | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Qualitative case studyResearch designKeep the case and its context together. | Design | Qualitative |
| Qualitative comparative analysis and fsQCAResearch design and analysisCompare configurations as set relations | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Qualitative meta-synthesisReview & synthesisDevelop interpretations across qualitative studies | Review | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Quantile regressionAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsLook beyond the conditional average | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Quasi-experimentStudy designLearn from a change you did not assign. | Design | Quantitative |
| Quota samplingSamplingFill planned subgroup targets without random selection | Sampling | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| RandomisationDesign featureMake assignment independent of prognosis | Design | Quantitative |
| Randomised experimentStudy designUse random assignment to test effects. | Design | Quantitative |
| Rapid reviewReview & synthesisMake explicit trade-offs for a time-sensitive decision | Review | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Reaction time paradigmsData collectionInfer processing from response latency | Collection | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Realist synthesisReview & synthesisExplain what works, for whom and in which circumstances | Review | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Reflexive thematic analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveDevelop patterns of shared meaning | Analysis | Qualitative |
| Registered ReportsResearch practiceReview the question and methods before results exist | Design | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Reliability assessmentMeasurementEstimate score consistency under specified replications | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| ReplicationResearch practiceTest a claim with new observations | Design | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Research ethics and governanceResearch practiceMake participation and oversight defensible | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Research with minorsResearch ethicsBalance protection, agency and voluntary participation | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| ROC-AUC and precision-recall curvesPerformance analysis · Computational methods and evaluationExamine ranking across decision thresholds | Analysis | Quantitative |
| SaturationResearch practiceJustify sufficiency in relation to the analysis | Sampling | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Scale developmentMeasurementTurn a defined construct into defensible scores | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Scenario planningResearch designExplore plausible futures for decisions now | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Scoping reviewReview & synthesisMap what evidence exists and how it is described | Review | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Secondary data analysisData collectionAsk a new question of existing evidence | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Semi-structured interviewsData collectionA guide with room to follow meaning | Collection | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Sentiment analysis of financial textAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyMeasure financial language with domain-aware validation | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Simple random samplingSamplingGive every fixed-size sample an equal chance | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Simulation studiesResearch designExperiment inside an explicitly validated model | Design | Quantitative |
| Single and multiple case study: Stake traditionResearch designUnderstand the particular case in context | Design | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Single and multiple case study: Yin traditionResearch designBound cases and test analytic propositions | Design | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Single-case experimental and N-of-1 designsResearch designTest change repeatedly within a case | Design | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Snowball samplingSamplingReach participants through social connections | Sampling | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Stochastic frontier analysisAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencySeparate modelled inefficiency from random production noise | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Stratified samplingSamplingSample separately within meaningful population strata | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Stress testingResearch designExplore conditional vulnerability under adverse scenarios | Design | Quantitative |
| Structural equation modellingAnalysis · Regression and multivariate modelsConnect measurement models with structural hypotheses | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Structured interviewsData collectionSame questions, controlled delivery | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Student voice methodsParticipatory data collectionGive learners expression, an audience and influence | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Survey research at scaleResearch designMeasure organisations with consistent fieldwork | Design | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| System GMMAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsEstimate dynamic panels through defensible moment conditions | Analysis | Quantitative |
| System Usability ScaleMeasurementMeasure perceived usability with a standard scale | Sampling | Quantitative |
| Systematic reviewReview & synthesisAnswer a bounded question with an auditable search | Review | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Systematic samplingSamplingUse a random start and a planned selection interval | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| t-testsAnalysis · Descriptive and inferential statisticsCompare means with the right dependence model | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Template analysisAnalysis · Qualitative and interpretiveIteratively refine a hierarchical coding template | Analysis | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Text miningAnalysis · Computational methods and evaluationExtract reproducible patterns from a defined corpus | Analysis | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Theoretical samplingSamplingLet emerging concepts determine the next data to collect | Sampling | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Think-aloud protocolsData collectionHear task-related thoughts with a defined protocol | Collection | Qualitative |
| Threshold GARCHAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsMake the sign and power of volatility shocks explicit | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Topic modellingAnalysis · Computational methods and evaluationExplore recurring word patterns across documents | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Train, validation and test splitsSampling and evaluationKeep final evaluation outside every learning decision | Sampling | Quantitative |
| Transformative and critical theoryPhilosophyMake power consequential for enquiry | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| TriangulationResearch practiceCompare perspectives and investigate disagreement | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Trustworthiness criteriaResearch practiceMake qualitative claims open to scrutiny | Foundations | Qualitative, Mixed methods |
| Unit-root and stationarity testsAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsDecide what kind of persistence a series supports | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Unstructured interviewsData collectionLet participants organise the account | Collection | Qualitative |
| Usability testingData collectionObserve people attempting meaningful tasks | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Validity evidenceMeasurementJustify what a score means and how it will be used | Sampling | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Value at riskAnalysis · Finance, risk and efficiencyEstimate a loss threshold at a stated probability | Analysis | Quantitative |
| VAR and VECMAnalysis · Time series and panel modelsModel interacting time series and equilibrium adjustment | Analysis | Quantitative |
| Vignette and scenario experimentsData collectionManipulate realistic hypothetical situations | Collection | Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Web scrapingData collectionExtract online records reproducibly | Collection | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |
| Within-subjects and repeated-measures designsResearch designObserve change or contrasts within the same person | Design | Quantitative |
| Writing and defending a methodology chapterResearch practiceBuild a defensible chain of research decisions | Foundations | Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods |